Practical guides on hardness test methods, the IS, ASTM and ISO standards behind them, sizing a universal testing machine and keeping testers calibrated — written by the ETS engineering team for laboratory managers, QA engineers and buyers.
Each guide opens with a one-line definition, gives the numbers from the standard (loads, indenters, thickness rules, grade limits), compares the options in a table and ends with the ETS machines that fit. Use them to write a specification, train an operator or check a supplier's claim.
Indenters, forces, minimum thickness and hardness ranges side by side, with a rule for choosing the method by material and part.
Read the guidePeak force = UTS × area, the margin to add, worked examples from wire to rebar and bolts, and what each capacity band is used for.
Read the guideBall-screw and hydraulic drives compared on capacity, speed, accuracy, maintenance and cost, plus what "servo-hydraulic" really means on a quotation.
Read the guideScales and loads, indenter geometry, minimum thickness table, test cycle, and direct versus indirect verification of the machine.
Read the guideFe 415 to Fe 600 requirements, mass-per-metre area, bend and rebend tests, and a capacity table for 8–40 mm bars.
Read the guideDaily check versus periodic and direct verification, indenter checks, block care, block sets per scale, and the contents of a calibration certificate.
Read the guideHRC–HV–HBW–tensile tables for steel per ASTM E140 / ISO 18265, the 3.45 × HB rule and its limits, and how to measure and report so conversions do not mislead.
Read the guideDecide from your parts, scales and tests per shift: dial vs digital vs motorised vs fully automatic, dead-weight vs load cell, and what to insist on in a quotation.
Read the guideHBW formula, force–diameter ratios, ball and force table, 0.24D–0.6D indent limits, dwell, measurement accuracy and IS 1500 Part 2 machine verification.
Read the guideThe 136° diamond pyramid, the HV formula, macro/low-force/micro ranges, dwell, thickness and spacing rules, and how the tester is verified to IS 1501-2.
Read the guideTorque–angle basics, τ = 16T/πd³ and G formulas, what IS 1717 and ASTM E143 require, and a Nm capacity table from 2 mm wire to 20 mm bars and M12 bolts.
Read the guideA checklist for retrofit vs replacement, what can be fitted to Rockwell and Brinell frames, and the IS/ISO verification required before the machine returns to service.
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